Informatics Publishing Limited

S. Raju , V. Uma Maheshwara Rao , K. Sreeramulu Reddy , G. Ramya , G. Vasanth Kumar

Abstract

Bilirubin is the degradation product of heme, the bulk of which is derived from hemoglobin of senescent erythrocytes and hepatic hemoproteins. Bilirubin is pot entially toxic, but is normally rendere d harmless by binding to plasma albumin, and efficient hepatic clearance. Jaundice , ( also known as icterus ) is a yellowish pigmentation of the skin, the conjunctival membranes over the sclerae (whites of the eyes), and other mucous membranes caused by hype rbilirubinemia (increased levels of bilirubin in the blood). Complications of jaundice include sepsis especially cholangitis, biliary cirrhosis, pancreatitis, coagulopathy, renal and liver failure. Treatment of rats with Phenylhydrazine 5 mg/ kg body weigh t for five days resulted in the development of jaundice as BR level was found to be higher than 2 mg/ dL . Bilirubin lowering potential of Benzoin ethyl alcohol extract was evaluated in te mporarily jaundiced adult wistar rats. Treatment of these rats with Be nzoin extract for seven days reduced the BR level significantly to the normal value. Whereas smaller dose (10mg/kg body weight) resulted in the reduction in BR level from 2.51 ± 0.02 to 0.90 ± 0.01 mg/dL , higher doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg body weight were fo und to be more effective in reducing the bilirubin level from 2.54 ± 0.01 to 0.82 ± 0.01 mg/dL and from 2.49 ± 0.02 to 0.66 ± 0.01 mg/dL, respectively. Therefore, Benzoin ethyl alcohol extract can be used to reduce bilirubin concentration to a normal level in jaundiced subjects.

Keywords

Benzoin Ethyl Alcohol Extract, Hyperbilirubinemia, Jaundice, Bilirubin.

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S. Raju , V. Uma Maheshwara Rao

Abstract

The concept of vaccination has been around for centuries. Vaccines constitutes cost - effective measures for preventing disease. Advances in biotechnology and an understanding of the inductive and effector components of immune responses have ushered in a 'golden age' of vaccine development and implementation. Many licensed vaccines have one or more ideal characteristics, but none manifests them all. Of the generic vaccine technologies and vaccination strategies in different stages of development, some have already demonstrated their flexibility, practicality, robustness and potential simplicity of production and others hold promise for the futur e. Although conventional methods of development of vaccines are successful in many cases, this approach took a long time to provide vaccines against those pathogens for which the solution was easy and failed to provide a solution or those bacteria and par asites that did not have obvious immunodominant protective antigens. The reverse approach to vaccine development takes advantage of the genome sequence of the pathogen. This approach allows not only the identification of all the antigens seen by the conven tional methods, but also the discovery of novel antigens that work on a totally different paradigm. With the genome sequences of many bacteria, parasites and viruses to be completed in the near future, many vaccines impossible to develop will become realit y, and novel vaccines, using non - conventional antigens (i.e. non - structural proteins) can be developed.

Keywords

Vaccines, Development Strategies, Reverse Vaccinology, Genome Sequence, Cost - Effective.

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